Cathedral of the Archangel and the Arakcheev GymnasiumA. O. Karelin · 1870s–1880s · public domain
View of the Kremlin wall with the Northern and Clock TowersA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
View of the Kremlin and the steamship ColoradoA. O. Karelin · 1870s–1880s · public domain
View of the Kremlin from the Church of the Ascension on Ilyinskaya StreetM. P. Dmitriev · late 19th – early 20th century · public domain
View of the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsky and Assumption Cathedrals of the Nizhny Novgorod KremlinM. P. Dmitriev · 1900s · public domain
View from the Ivanovskaya Tower of the Kremlin toward Rozhdestvenskaya Street and the StrelkaM. P. Dmitriev · late 19th century · public domain
View from the Grebeshok by the Muravyevskaya Tower toward the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. View of the Strelka from the right bank of the OkaA. O. Karelin · 1881–1896 · public domain
![Вид с Кремлевского холма на [Успенскую] гору](/img/pronn-2186.jpg)
View from the Kremlin hill toward [Uspenskaya] HillM. P. Dmitriev · late 19th century · public domain
Minin's tomb in the CathedralM. P. Dmitriev · 1912 · public domain
Dmitrovskaya Tower of the KremlinA. O. Karelin · late 19th – early 20th century · public domain
Interior of the Nizhny Novgorod art museum in the Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Kremlin. The image is set in a golden-colored printed frame; in its lower right corner is the inscription "M. Dmitriev" and, perpendicular to it, "N. Novgorod". The reverse bears printed inscriptions and drawingsM. P. Dmitriev · late 19th – early 20th century · public domain
Count Arakcheev's Cadet CorpsM. P. Dmitriev · late 19th century – 1904 · public domain
Koromyslova TowerM. P. Dmitriev · 1912 · public domain
General view of the Kremlin grain elevatorM. P. Dmitriev · 1896–1904 · public domain
General view of the Kremlin grain elevatorM. P. Dmitriev · 1911 · public domain
Landscape: on the right the Clock Tower of the Kremlin, in the middle distance the Imperial Garden with the Church of Simeon the Stylite, and in the background the VolgaM. P. Dmitriev · 1890s() · public domain
Transfiguration Cathedral in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Negatives by A. O. Karelin (1837–1906), a Nizhny Novgorod photographer-artist. Landscapes, portraitsA. O. Karelin · 1870s–1880s · public domain
Assumption Cathedral. Kremlin. 1821–1931 (demolished). Nizhny Novgorod. Kremlin. Assumption Cathedral. General view from the southwestM. P. Dmitriev · early 20th century · public domain
Clock Hill with the Minin Garden in the KremlinM. P. Dmitriev · 1904–1911 · public domain
Copy. View of the Zelensky Descent and the Nikolskaya Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod KremlinM. P. Dmitriev · 1950s–1970s · public domain
Blagoveschenskaya Square. View of the Annunciation Cathedral and the Provincial GymnasiumA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
Georgievsky Descent and the Church of St. George the Victorious on the Verkhne-Volzhskaya Embankment (the Otkos). Negatives by M. P. Dmitriev (1858–1948), a Nizhny Novgorod photographer. Cityscapes, portraitsM. P. Dmitriev · 1890s–1900s · public domain
The Otkos. Church of St. George the VictoriousA. O. Karelin · 1800s · public domain
Church of St. George. Verkhne-Volzhskaya Embankment. 1702, not preserved, Nizhny Novgorod. Church of St. George the Victorious (not preserved). General view. Publisher not indicatedM. P. Dmitriev · late 19th – early 20th century · public domain
View of the Zelensky Descent and the BalchugA. O. Karelin · late 1870s · public domain
Zelensky DescentM. P. Dmitriev · 1911 · public domain
Copy. Zelensky Descent. Balchug. Catholic churchM. P. Dmitriev · 1950s–1970s · public domain
Pochainsky Descent and the BalchugM. P. Dmitriev · 1911 · public domain
Church of Cosmas and Damian on Rozhdestvenskaya StreetA. O. Karelin · 1870s–1880s · public domain
No. 5. Nizhny Novgorod. Electric power station and the Pokhvalinsky grain elevatorA. O. Karelin · 1902 · public domain
Lykovaya Dam and the house where Dobrolyubov was bornM. P. Dmitriev · 1911 · public domain
View of the Grebeshok. Negatives by A. O. Karelin (1837–1906), a Nizhny Novgorod photographer-artist. Landscapes, portraitsA. O. Karelin · 1870s–1880s · public domain
General view of Bolshaya PokrovkaM. P. Dmitriev · 1912 · public domain
Bolshaya Pecherskaya StreetM. P. Dmitriev · 1911 · public domain
Zvezdin PondA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
Martynovskaya StreetA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
View of the Pechersky MonasteryA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
View of the StrelkaA. O. Karelin · 1874–1879 · public domain
View of the pontoon bridge and the StrelkaA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
A corner of the English (Alexandrovsky) GardenA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
Church of St. GeorgeA. O. Karelin · 1870s · public domain
The old center of Nizhny Novgorod in the photographs of Karelin and Dmitriev — the Kremlin, the upper and lower posads, the descents, embankments, and churches of the city in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, as captured by two masters of Nizhny Novgorod photography — Andrey Karelin and Maksim Dmitriev. Both studied under Mikhail Nastyukov[1], and the journal "Fotograf-lyubitel" (The Amateur Photographer) in 1908 named them among the best photographers in Russia[2].
Two masters
Andrey Karelin, a graduate of the Academy of Arts, moved to Nizhny in 1869 and opened his own business; his 1870 album "Nizhny Novgorod" was hand-colored in watercolor by Ivan Shishkin[3]. On February 7, 1886, Maksim Dmitriev received permission to open his own photography studio in Nizhny, and he worked in it for more than forty years[4]. The studio stood on Osypnaya Street, today's Piskunov Street, in the house where the "Russian Photography" museum opened in 1993[5]. By 1891, Dmitriev had set up his own phototype printing shop and was producing numbered postcards[4] — about 860 in all[6].
The city in the photographs
At the foot of the Kremlin, the Lower Bazaar bustled, while the upper and lower towns were linked by descents laid along the bluff and the ravines in the 1830s–1840s[7]. In the late 1830s the small Pochaina River was channeled into an underground collector, and above it, in the ravine, the Balchug rag market operated[8]. For the All-Russian Exhibition of 1896, two electric elevators — the Kremlin and Pokhvalinsky elevators — were put into operation in June of that year[9], and across the Oka to the Yarmarka, a pontoon bridge, in place since 1817, was set up every year after the spring flood subsided[10].
What has changed
In 1931, some thirty former names vanished from the map of the center all at once: Tikhonovskaya became Ulyanov Street, and Bolshaya Pecherskaya became Lyadov Street; some of the names were restored in the early 1990s[11]. At the turn of the 1920s–1930s, the Cathedral of the Savior's Transfiguration in the Kremlin, where the tomb of Kuzma Minin stood, was demolished, along with the Church of Alexis the Metropolitan on Blagoveschenskaya Square[12], and by June 1932 the Church of St. George on the Verkhne-Volzhskaya Embankment had been dismantled[13]. The Kremlin grain elevator was built in 1927, the Pokhvalinsky one was closed in 1930[9], and in 1933 the pontoon bridge was replaced by the permanent Kanavinsky Bridge[10].
The Kremlin: Towers, Cathedrals, Palace
| Name | Years | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin | 1500–1515 | The stone Kremlin was founded in 1500 with the Tverskaya Tower (now the Kladovaya Tower); by some accounts it was built by 1511, by others the main work was completed by 1515; thirteen towers are connected by walls with a total length of over two kilometers. |
| Dmitrievskaya Tower | early 16th century, renovated in 1896 | For the All-Russian Exhibition of 1896, the tower was renovated, crowned with an iron tent roof with a glass lantern (the lantern has not survived), and the city's first museum was opened in it, which Nicholas II visited that same year. |
| Nikolskaya Tower | early 16th century | During the reconstruction of 1837, the tower lost the white-stone facing of its lower walls, and until 1956 it housed auxiliary services of the military department. |
| Koromyslova Tower | early 16th century | The wall between the Koromyslova and Taynitskaya towers, 205 meters long, is the longest stretch of wall in the Kremlin, and the tower itself with its adjoining walls, when viewed from the other side of the Pochaina Ravine, resembles a koromyslo (a shoulder yoke for carrying buckets). |
| Ivanovskaya Tower | early 16th century | The main tower of the lower part of the Kremlin guarded the Lower Posad marketplace and the Volga landing, and it was linked to the Dmitrievskaya Tower by Bolshaya Mostovaya Street, now the Ivanovsky Descent. |
| The Governor's Palace | 1837–1841 | The military governor's residence was built in 1837–1841 to a design by Iosif Charlemagne, and in 1906, because of cracks in the walls that threatened collapse, a new foundation was placed under it. |
| The Obelisk in Honor of Minin and Pozharsky | 1828 | The granite obelisk, designed by the sculptor Ivan Martos and the architect Avraam Melnikov, was unveiled in the Kremlin on August 15, 1828, although its plaques bear the year 1826; during transport the top of the obelisk broke off, and the shaft was shortened by two meters. |
| Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the Kremlin | 1829–1834, blown up in 1929 | The cathedral church, built in 1829–1834 to a design by A. I. Melnikov, held in its crypt the tombs of the Nizhny Novgorod princes and Kuzma Minin; Nicholas II visited it in 1896, the bell tower began to be dismantled in 1924, and the cathedral itself was blown up in 1929. |
| Cathedral of the Archangel | 1628–1631 | The present cathedral was built with funds from the sovereign's treasury in 1628–1631 by the master builder Lavrenty Vozoulin, and after the destruction of the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior, the remains of Kuzma Minin were moved here. |
| Church of Simeon the Stylite | 1743–1928, reconstructed in 2021 | The stone church, built in 1743 on the site of a wooden monastery church that burned down in 1715, was dismantled by June 1, 1928, and was reconstructed on its original site in 2021. |
Churches of the Posads
| Name | Years | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Annunciation Cathedral | 1696–1697, demolished in 1930 | The five-domed cathedral that gave its name to Blagoveschenskaya Square was consecrated on October 8, 1697, on the site of the ancient Church of St. Demetrius; in 1866 its tile roof was replaced with an iron one, and its demolition was completed on August 18, 1930; today the monument to Kuzma Minin stands on this spot. |
| Church of Alexis the Metropolitan | 1641 (wooden), stone from 1717, demolished in 1929 or 1930 | The church, built in 1641 in memory of the city's deliverance from the plague, was rebuilt in 1823–1825 to a design by the governorate architect I. E. Efimov and stood where the fountain is now; according to some sources it was demolished in April 1930, according to others in 1929. |
| Church of St. George | 1702–1932, blown up | The stone church in the Naryshkin style was built in 1702 with funds from a Nizhny Novgorod merchant (according to some sources A. A. Pushnikov, according to others the "gost" Ivan Pushnik) and by June 1932 had been blown up and dismantled; a hotel was later built on its site. |
| Church of the Myrrh-Bearing Women | from 1649 | The two-story stone church, which combined the winter Znamensky and the summer Myrrh-Bearing Women churches in a single building, was completed in 1649, and by 1897 it had been enlarged with a donation of 18,600 rubles from a parishioner, Maria Bochkaryova. |
| Rozhdestvenskaya (Stroganovskaya) Church | 1696–1719 | The church was founded with funds from Grigory Stroganov in 1696 and consecrated in 1719; from the 1860s its bell tower leaned by 1.2 meters over twenty years, and in 1887, under the direction of L. V. Dal and R. Ya. Kilevein, its foundation was replaced and the upper tiers were rebuilt. |
| Church of Cosmas and Damian on Rozhdestvenskaya | stone church — second half of the 17th century; new church 1872–1890; demolished in the Soviet period | The stone Church of Cosmas and Damian at the corner of Rozhdestvenskaya Street and Sofronovskaya Square appeared in the second half of the 17th century on the site of a wooden one known from the 1620s; in 1872–1890 a new church was built next to it to a design by Lev Dal, the main volume of the old church was dismantled, and the 17th-century bell tower, at the wish of Nicholas II, was restored for the 1896 exhibition under the direction of R. F. Meltser; in the Soviet period the entire ensemble was demolished, and the Nizhnovenergo building now stands on its site. |
Streets
| Name | Years | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street | name since the late 18th century; Sverdlov Street 1918–1992 | The formerly nameless road leading from the Kremlin received the name Bolshaya Pokrovskaya under the regular plan of the late 18th century, after the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God, destroyed in the 1930s; from 1918 to 1992 the street bore the name of Yakov Sverdlov, and in the late 19th century the Frolov apartment building (1880s), the theater building (first performance in 1896), and the District Court (1896) rose along it. |
| Bolshaya Pecherskaya Street | known since the early 17th century; renamed in 1931, name restored in the early 1990s | The street where the road to Ponizovye and the Kazan Highway began, it was named after the Ascension Pechersky Monastery; in 1931 it was renamed in honor of the revolutionary Martyn Lyadov, the historical name was restored in the early 1990s, and in the late 19th century a red-brick detention house was built here. |
| Piskunov Street | since the 18th century; renamed in the Soviet period (year not found) | The street took shape from two streets — Osypnaya, named after an ancient earthen rampart along which it ran, and Malaya Pecherskaya; after the establishment of Soviet power they became a single street named after the Bolshevik A. I. Piskunov, and on Osypnaya, in the house now listed on Piskunov Street as No. 9, Maxim Dmitriev's photo studio operated from 1886 for more than forty years, and in 1993 the "Russian Photography" museum was opened there. |
| Ulyanov Street | planned in the 1770s; renamed in 1931 | The street, laid out in the 1770s along the slope of the Kovalikha Ravine, was called Tikhonovskaya after the Church of Tikhon of Amathus that stood on the site of house No. 5, and in 1931, during the mass renaming of streets in the center, it received the name of Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, who had taught at a Nizhny Novgorod gymnasium. |
| Zvezdinka Street | name since the 1860s; ponds filled in at the end of the 19th century | The street, at first called the one "leading to the Kovalikha Ravine," has been known as Zvezdinka since the 1860s: according to one version, after the ravines radiating in a star shape, according to another, after the surname of the Zvezdin noble family; springs in the ravines fed the Zvezdin and Dyukov ponds, filled in at the end of the 19th century (the Zvezdinsky Square now stands in their place), and in 1880 the young Alexey Peshkov lived in house No. 5b. |
| Rozhdestvenskaya Street | October Street 1919, Cooperative Street 1923, Mayakovsky Street 1940; name restored December 26, 2001 | The main street of the Lower Posad, formerly Kozmodemyanskaya, it was named after the Church of the Nativity, known since 1520; in 1919 it was declared October Street, but the name did not stick, in 1923 it became Cooperative Street, from April 14, 1940 it was Mayakovsky Street, and the historical name was restored on December 26, 2001; by the end of the 19th century a continuous line of hotels, restaurants, and offices had formed along it, and grain elevators were built at both ends. |
| Pochainskaya Street | name since the early 17th century | One of the oldest streets in the city, it received its name in the early 17th century after the ravine of the Pochaina River: in a house at its upper end Peter I stayed for a week in 1695 on his way to Azov, and from the 1880s the rag market, nicknamed "Balchug," was moved into the Pochaina Ravine. |
| Minin Street | Zhukovskaya since the 17th century; University Street in the Soviet period; year of the Minin name not found | In the 17th century the street was called Zhukovskaya after the Zhukov townspeople who lived on it, in the Soviet period it was for a time University Street and then received the name of Kuzma Minin; in 1828 a new Sennaya Square was laid out between it and Bolshaya Pecherskaya, to which the hay market was moved. |
| Semashko Street | planned in 1770; name Martynovskaya official since 1839; renamed in the Soviet period | The street, planned in 1770, came to be called Martynovskaya in everyday use after Colonel Solomon Mikhailovich Martynov, who settled on the slope of the Kovalikha Ravine in the early 19th century and sold his estate to the city for a hospital; the name became official in 1839, in the Soviet period the street was named after the People's Commissar of Health N. A. Semashko, and in the 1880s Andrey Karelin rented a place on it. |
Squares and Markets
| Name | Years | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Minin and Pozharsky Square | Sovetskaya 1917–1943; current name since 1943 | Originally called Verkhneposadskaya, or Verkhnebazarnaya, after the market of the Upper Posad (the upper trading quarter), then Blagoveshchenskaya, after the cathedral built in 1697 in front of the Dmitrov Tower and demolished in 1930; in 1917 it was merged with Seminarskaya into Sovetskaya, and after the first monument to Minin was installed in November 1943 it received its present name; in June 1906 a monument to Alexander II was unveiled here, later torn down after the revolution. |
| Freedom Square | Ostrozhnaya from the 1820s; Narodnaya 1918, Proletarskaya 1923, Svobody (Freedom) since 1937 | The square took shape in the 1820s around the prison fortress (ostrog) and was called Ostrozhnaya; after the revolution it became Narodnaya (1918), Proletarskaya (1923), and since 1937 Freedom Square; in the summer of 1905, Black Hundreds supporters, with the connivance of the police and Cossacks, beat participants of a rally here — on July 9 according to some sources, July 10 according to others — and in 1901 a tram line ran across the square. |
| Markin Square | Sofronovskaya from 1835–1839; renamed in 1918 or in 1936–1937 | The square was laid out in 1835–1839 in the middle of Rozhdestvenskaya Street, on the filled-in ravine of the Rozhdestvensky stream, and was named Sofronovskaya after the house of the merchant Sofronov; by the end of the 19th century it had become the business center of the Lower Bazaar — with the exchange built in 1896 and a public garden and fountain honoring merchant philanthropists — and at the corner with Rozhdestvenskaya stood the Church of Cosmas and Damian; according to some sources it received the name of Nikolay Markin in 1918, according to others it became Labor Square in 1918, October 25 Square in 1923, Cooperative Square in 1934, and only in 1936–1937 Markin Square. |
| Lower Bazaar | settled from the 13th–14th centuries; its appearance took shape by the turn of the 19th–20th centuries | The Lower Posad, also known as the Lower Bazaar, is the riverside strip between the Volga and the bluff at the foot of the Kremlin, settled since the 13th–14th centuries and the city's commercial and business center: after the fire of 1819 it was rebuilt according to Betancourt's regular plan, Rozhdestvenskaya Street became the district's axis, and by the turn of the 19th–20th centuries it had acquired hotels, banks, offices, the exchange on Sofronovskaya Square, and the piers of the steamship companies. |
Descents, Embankments, Crossings
| Name | Years | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Lykov Dam | bridge from 1618; dam 1834–1838; name removed in 1931, restored in the early 1990s | The name comes from the voivode Boris Lykov, who in the summer of 1618, while gathering a militia against the forces of Prince Wladyslaw, built a high bridge across the Pochaina; in 1834–1838 the bridge was replaced with a dam of earth excavated during the construction of the Zelensky Descent, with a stone culvert for the Pochaina; in 1931 the name vanished from the map and returned in the early 1990s, and the critic Dobrolyubov spent his childhood and youth at the Dobrolyubov estate of 1838 on the dam. |
| Zelensky Descent | completed by 1839 | The Zelensky (Zeleyny) Descent was laid along the bed of the filled-in Kremlin moat; it took its name from the "zeleyny dvor" (gunpowder yard) in the Pochaina Ravine, and its construction was completed in 1839, connecting the Upper and Lower Posads by bypassing the Kremlin. |
| Pokhvalinsky Descent | 1834–1839 (according to other sources, until the 1840s) | The Pokhvalinsky Descent was laid along the bed of the Gremyachy Ravine toward the Kunavino ferry crossing as a bypass road for freight heading to the yarmarka around the city; according to some sources, traffic on it opened in the summer–autumn of 1839, while according to others the engineer T. D. Gotman built it starting in 1834. |
| Georgievsky Descent | 1839 (according to other sources, 1839–1841) | The Georgievsky Descent, named after the Kremlin tower where it begins, was cut through the slope of the Dyatlov Hills at the same time as the Kazansky Descent; according to some sources, it was built in the summer–autumn of 1839, while according to others the work went on in 1839–1841 and was finished in 1841. |
| Verkhne-Volzhskaya Embankment | design 1835; completed by the 1890s | The upper embankment of the Volga was built according to a design by I. E. Efimov and P. D. Gotman, approved in 1835: by the early 1840s the bluff edge had been straightened and reinforced, but the two-kilometer embankment was only finally completed by the 1890s. |
| Nizhne-Volzhskaya Embankment | work from 1836; passable from 1838 | The Nizhne-Volzhskaya Embankment was designed in the 1830s by I. E. Efimov and P. D. Gotman; work on it began in 1836, the bank was faced with cobblestones, and from 1838 it became possible for the first time to travel along the city shoreline. |
| Kremlin Elevator | 1896–1927 (Kremlin); 1896–1930 (Pokhvalinsky) | The Kremlin (Ivanovsky) funicular, 133 meters long, which ran between the Northern and Clock Towers with a tunnel into the Kremlin, opened on June 9, 1896, a few days before the Pokhvalinsky one (160 meters, at the Pokhvalinsky Descent); the Kremlin one finally stopped running soon after March 1927, while the Pokhvalinsky one was closed in June 1930 because of the construction of the Oka Bridge, and the structures of both were later dismantled. |
| Pontoon Bridge across the Oka | 1817–1933 | The floating pontoon bridge across the Oka was built in 1817 for the yarmarka, which had been moved from Makaryev; it was assembled after the spring flood and dismantled before the river froze, in 1896 a tram was run across it, and it was replaced by the permanent Kanavinsky (initially Pakhomovsky) Bridge, opened in 1933. |
Otkos, Ravines, Gardens, and Ponds
| Name | Years | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Black Pond | known before 1621; filled in 1926 | Black Pond, known from documents as early as 1621, was drained and filled in 1926, and the first Nizhny Novgorod skyscraper was built on its site. |
| Otkos | landscaped since the 1830s | Until the 1830s the Volga slope was occupied by vegetable plots and outbuildings, but after work begun at the will of Nicholas I, the English (Alexander) Garden was laid out on its leveled terraces between the Upper and Lower Embankments. |
| Pochaina Ravine | Pochaina in a culvert from 1838/1839; Balchug from the 1880s | The Pochaina River, at whose confluence with the Volga the city arose, was enclosed in an underground wooden culvert (according to some sources in 1838, according to others in 1839), and from the 1880s the Balchug rag market operated in the ravine directly above it. |
| Grebeshok | the name "Grebeshok" since the mid-19th century | The hill on the right bank of the Oka was called Yarilina until the mid-19th century, and it acquired the name Grebeshok (Little Comb) because the ravine-cut bank resembles a rooster's comb in plan; in the early 17th century the land "on the hill in the open field" belonged to the Annunciation Monastery. |
| Alexander Garden | founded in 1835; main work completed by 1841 | The Alexander Garden, the city's first public park, founded in 1835 and named in honor of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, was laid out by the court gardener Karl Petzold: the main work was completed by 1841, and trees were planted until 1851 (according to other sources, the English Garden was laid out in the mid-1850s). |
Houses and Estates
| Name | Years | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rukavishnikov Estate | 1875–1877 | The main house of S. M. Rukavishnikov's estate on the Verkhne-Volzhskaya Embankment was built in 1875–1877 to a design by P. S. Boytsov under the supervision of R. Ya. Kilevein (the finishing work continued for about two more years), and since 1918 it has housed the city museum. |
| Mariinsky Institute for Noble Maidens | opened in 1852; in its own building since 1858 | The Mariinsky Institute for Noble Maidens, opened in 1852, moved its pupils on October 5, 1858, from a house on Ilyinskaya Street into its own complex between the Upper Volga Embankment and Zhukovskaya (now Minin) Street, which cost the nobility more than 250,000 rubles. |
| Chatygin Merchant's Chambers | 1680s (presumably); purchased in 1888 | The white-stone chambers of the merchant Chatygin at 27 Pochainskaya Street, presumably built in the 1680s and, according to tradition, host to Peter I in 1695, were purchased in 1888 with a donation from N. A. Bugrov for the Governorate Scholarly Archival Commission; in the mid-1890s a historical exhibition was opened in them, soon transferred to the Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Kremlin. |
Sources
- web.archive.org — ROSFOTO — Andrey Karelin and Maxim Dmitriev: Masters of Photography from Nizhny Novgorod (from the collection of the Nizhny Novgorod Museum-Reserve) (archive)
- Nizhegorodskaya Pravda — From Titsner to Kapelyush (August 22, 2013) (archive)
- ngiamz.ru — Nizhny Novgorod Museum-Reserve — Andrey Osipovich Karelin: The NGIAMZ Photograph Collection (archive)
- mrf.museumart.ru — Multimedia Art Museum — Maxim Petrovich Dmitriev (archive)
- opentextnn.ru — B. S. Izvekov, A. V. Kessel. Memorial Plaques of Nizhny Novgorod — Dmitriev M. P. (1858–1948). 9 Piskunova Street (archive)
- web.archive.org — Museums of Russia — Photographic Postcards by M. P. Dmitriev (exhibition of the Russian Museum of Photography, 2008) (archive)
- Nizhegorodskaya Pravda — Legends and Reality: How the Old Descents of Nizhny Novgorod Came to Be (archive)
- ngiamz.ru — Nizhny Novgorod Museum-Reserve — Pochaina Ravine
- opentextnn.ru — V. V. Krasnov. Nizhny Novgorod Funiculars — "Open Text" (archive)
- Nizhegorodskaya Pravda — Bridges Built: What the Largest Crossings of Nizhny Novgorod Are Known For (archive)
- V gorode N — "Time and City" — An Old New Name (archive)
- Nizhegorodskaya Pravda — Which Churches of Nizhny Novgorod Did Not Survive the 20th Century (archive)
- sobory.ru — People's Catalog of Orthodox Architecture — Church of St. George the Victorious on the Verkhne-Volzhskaya Embankment (archive)