Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, Academician Sakharov (May 21, 1921 — December 14, 1989) — physicist, public figure, a federally significant Meme. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. He was exiled to Nizhny Novgorod.
A logical-intuitive introvert.
The essence of the phenomenon
Author of the draft constitution of the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia.
For his human-rights activities he was stripped of all Soviet awards and prizes and in 1980 was exiled from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod, then The City of Gorky.
The exile was lifted in 1987.
Exile to Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod)
On January 22, 1980, on his way to work he was detained, and then, together with his second wife Elena Bonner, was exiled without trial to The City of Gorky.
At the same time, for anti-Soviet activity, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR he was stripped of the title of three-time Hero of Socialist Labor, and by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR — of the titles of Stalin Prize (1953) and Lenin Prize (1956) laureate (however, he was not stripped of the Order of Lenin or of his membership in the USSR Academy of Sciences). In Gorky, Sakharov underwent three long hunger strikes. In 1981, together with Elena Bonner, he endured the first one, seventeen days long — for the right of L. Alekseyeva (the Sakharovs' daughter-in-law) to travel abroad to her husband.
In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (published in 1975) and then in the reference encyclopedias issued up to 1986, the article on Sakharov ended with the phrase "In recent years he has withdrawn from scientific activity." According to some reports, the wording belonged to M. A. Suslov. In July 1983 four academicians (Prokhorov, Skryabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed a letter, "When Honor and Conscience Are Lost," condemning A. D. Sakharov.
In May 1984 he held a second hunger strike (26 days) in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April–October 1985 — a third one (178 days) for E. Bonner's right to travel abroad for heart surgery. During this time Sakharov was repeatedly hospitalized (the first time — forcibly, on the sixth day of the hunger strike; after his statement ending the hunger strike (July 11) he was discharged from the hospital; after he resumed it (July 25), two days later he was again forcibly hospitalized) and force-fed (attempts were made to feed him, sometimes successfully).
Throughout the entire time of A. Sakharov's Gorky exile, a campaign in his defense was underway in many countries around the world. For example, the square five minutes' walk from the White House, where the Soviet embassy in Washington was located, was renamed "Sakharov Square." Starting in 1975, "Sakharov Hearings" were held regularly in various world capitals.